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Climate Change And Malaria - A Complex Relationship

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Malaria Cases In U.S. Trigger Unfounded Claims About Bill Gates, Mosquito Project

On June 26, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued an alert after five cases ... [+] of malaria were confirmed, the first locally acquired cases of the disease in the United States in 20 years. Four cases of the mosquito-borne illness were confirmed in Florida and one in Texas. (Photo by CHANDAN KHANNA / AFP) (Photo by CHANDAN KHANNA/AFP via Getty Images)

AFP via Getty Images

When the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued an alert about finding four malaria cases in Florida and one malaria case in Texas, it created quite a buzz. After all, these were the first reported cases of people actually catching malaria in the U.S. Since 2003. Finding these five cases has raised questions about whether malaria may return to the U.S. After being largely absent for many years and whether climate change may be opening the gates for Anopheles mosquitoes to spread in the U.S. That would kind of suck since the females of certain Anopheles mosquito species can carry and transmit malaria-causing parasites. This news also opened the gates in another way—allowing a flood of even more conspiracy theories about billionaire philanthropist Bill Gates to be spread across social media. This included claims that Gates was somehow responsible for these new malaria cases via a project that has released genetically-modified mosquitoes in the U.S. However, such claims really provided zzzzzero supporting evidence and, in fact, detracted from what's really happened.

For example, Liz Churchill, who even calls herself a "conspiracy theorist" on her Twitter bio, sent out a tweet that hit the fan and spread with over 23.5K re-tweets. Her tweet said, "It must be a coincidence that from 2003-2023 there wasn't one case of Malaria spread by mosquitos…and along comes a company funded by Bill Gates…to solve a problem that didn't exist…and suddenly in the exact places where he releases mosquitos…there's an outbreak of Malaria?"

Yeah, that malarious tweet got a lot of things wrong. First of all, Churchill was presumably referring to Oxitec, a company that has indeed released genetically-modified mosquitoes in the Florida Keys, which, by the way, isn't in Sarasota County where the four malaria cases in Florida. The Florida Keys are also nowhere near Texas. While Oxitec has received support from the bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, it wasn't specifically for this Florida Keys project.

Plus, there was a "you got male" problem with Churchill's tweet. Oxitec released genetically-modified, male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as opposed to female Anopheles mosquitoes. These are two different sexes and two very different mosquito species. While Aedes aegypti mosquitoes can carry various organisms that can cause Dengue, Zika, yellow fever and chikungunya, they typically do not carry the Plasmodium parasites that can cause malaria. Again, only certain types of Anopheles mosquitoes can carry and transmit the malaria-causing parasite to humans. And among these Anopheles mosquitoes, only the females are out for blood, so to speak. Only the females bite—meaning bite and suck the blood of humans.

Additionally, when Churchill claimed that Oxitec is trying to "solve a problem that didn't exist," she got it wrong, wrong like a bathroom gong. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are a problem—a big little problem. As I recently reported for Forbes, dengue is a problem throughout many parts of the world—a real growing problem. And Zika has been a problem, assuming that you think babies born without brains is a problem. I covered the Zika epidemic back in 2016 for Forbes, and the Zika virus remains a threat for future cases and outbreaks. Yellow fever and chikungunya aren't fun things either. And as more and more of the world becomes more like an Easy-Bake Oven with climate change, the tropical and sub-tropical weather-loving Aedes aegypti mosquitoes may keep spreading more and more Northward and bringing along with them these various diseases.

One possible way of combatting such growing problems is to introduce genetically-modified mosquitoes that in turn can keep the mosquito population from growing. Such genetically-modified mosquitoes are like some genetically-modified organized (GMO) used as food. They aren't being modified to taste better. Instead, they are being genetically-modified so that they can help curb the mosquito population. When these genetically-modified male mosquitoes get it on like Donkey Kong with female Aedes aegypti, they can pass along a gene to any resulting female offspring. That gene essentially serves as ticking time bomb—or perhaps a mosquitoing time bomb—that will lead to the early death of such offspring. Fewer viable offspring could mean fewer mosquitoes in the long run.

Scientists are still testing the viability of employing such a strategy at a larger scale. So, the key to the release in the Florida Keys was that it was limited to that location and subject to ongoing subsequent surveillance to see what happens.

Microsoft founder, Co-Chairman of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bill Gates (L) and Irish rock ... [+] band U2 singer Bono arrive at Lyon's city hall, central eastern France, on October 9, 2019, during the funding conference of Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. - The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria on October 9, 2019, opened a drive to raise $14 billion to fight a global epidemics. (Photo by OLIVIER CHASSIGNOLE/POOL/AFP via Getty Images)

POOL/AFP via Getty Images

Churchill's tweet was a bit ironic, given that the Gates Foundation has stated that "Malaria eradication is a top priority of the foundation." Over the past two decades, they have supported projects aiming to improve the surveillance, prevention, and treatment of malaria. Their work has primarily been in low and middle income countries. So it is unclear why they would want to do anything that would go against their top priority. Churchill didn't really provide any evidence that would reconcile this seeming contradiction.

Churchill certainly wasn't the only one to post such evidence-free claims about Gates on social media. For example, a Twitter account that goes by the handle @DC_Draino tweeted, "I'd say it's time for Gov. DeDantis to announce his plan to tackle the resurgence of Malaria in Florida. Did he allow Bill Gates' GMO mosquitoes in the state?" The Twitter bio for this account includes the name Rogan O'Handley, calls itself "Anti-Woke" and includes a photo of Tucker Carlson. By the way, a June 30 tweet from @DC_Driano indicated, "Last night I was asked by @FLVoiceNews why I'm supporting President Trump over Gov. DeSantis. 'I want the guy with the most impeachments, the most indictments, the most investigations because that is who the deep state fears the most.'" So, could @DC_Draino be attempting to politicize a public health problem? Gee, when has that ever happened before in the U.S.?

Although public health efforts were able to effectively eliminate malaria from the United States in the early 1950s, there is no guarantee that this potentially life-threatening disease won't return. You don't want MAMA to happen, meaning to make America malaria-full again. Prior to the 1880s, malaria was a real problem in the U.S., affecting most populated areas in the country. The recent of these five locally-transmitted malaria cases in Florida and Texas doesn't necessarily that malaria will surge again in the U.S. There have been 11 malaria outbreaks in the U.S. Since 1992 with the last one prior to this year occuring in 2003 in Palm Beach County, Florida, according to Angelo Fichera reporting for the AP News.

Nevertheless, these five recent case of malaria transmission in the U.S. Are a reminder that infectious diseases such as malaria can readily return if disease control efforts are not maintained. There is a need for ways to better control the mosquito population. Just winging it won't work. And even though various conspiracy theories about public health efforts may create a buzz on social media, they can make controlling the spread of diseases all that more difficult.

Can A New Malaria Vaccine For Children Eradicate The Disease? Here's What To Know

Ali Rogin:

At the end of May, the Central African Republic became the first country to receive doses of the new R21/Matrix-M malaria vaccine. It's intended for children between five months and three years old, who were among the most vulnerable to the disease.

UNICEF, the UN's main organization for children, says eight countries in Africa are set to receive these R21 shipments. And experts say two vaccines are exponentially better than one, helping not just to immunize more people, but to reduce the illnesses spread.

Andrew Jones is the Deputy Director of Immunization Supplies for UNICEF. Andrew, thank you so much for joining me. The first vaccine was rolled out, approved more than two and a half years ago. So what are the differences between this vaccine and the vaccine that was already available?

Andrew Jones, Deputy Director of Immunization Supplies, UNICEF: They're very similar vaccines. In fact, the first vaccine, which is called RTSS, manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline, is largely a copy of this vaccine. So they're expected to have similar impact in kids.

The big difference when RTSS was released, it was being manufactured in Belgium, and it was being manufactured at relatively old plants. They were quite limited in capacity, which was a challenge, because, as you can imagine, the demand for this vaccine has been massive.

And so this second vaccine has a much greater supply. The other point to note is that the first vaccine has to be combined. It comes in a powder and a diluent. You mix the two together, whereas this R21 vaccine is fully liquid, so it's a little bit easier to use in the field.

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